Memes are powerful means for effective communication on social media. Their effortless amalgamation of viral visuals and compelling messages can have far-reaching implications with proper marketing. Previous research on memes has primarily focused on characterizing their affective spectrum and detecting whether the meme's message insinuates any intended harm, such as hate, offense, racism, etc. However, memes often use abstraction, which can be elusive. Here, we introduce a novel task - EXCLAIM, generating explanations for visual semantic role labeling in memes. To this end, we curate ExHVV, a novel dataset that offers natural language explanations of connotative roles for three types of entities - heroes, villains, and victims, encompassing 4,680 entities present in 3K memes. We also benchmark ExHVV with several strong unimodal and multimodal baselines. Moreover, we posit LUMEN, a novel multimodal, multi-task learning framework that endeavors to address EXCLAIM optimally by jointly learning to predict the correct semantic roles and correspondingly to generate suitable natural language explanations. LUMEN distinctly outperforms the best baseline across 18 standard natural language generation evaluation metrics. Our systematic evaluation and analyses demonstrate that characteristic multimodal cues required for adjudicating semantic roles are also helpful for generating suitable explanations.

We study the problem of profiling news media on the Web with respect to their factuality of reporting and bias. This is an important but under-studied problem related to disinformation and "fake news" detection, but it addresses the issue at a coarser granularity compared to looking at an individual article or an individual claim. This is useful as it allows to profile entire media outlets in advance. Unlike previous work, which has focused primarily on text (e.g.,~on the text of the articles published by the target website, or on the textual description in their social media profiles or in Wikipedia), here our main focus is on modeling the similarity between media outlets based on the overlap of their audience. This is motivated by homophily considerations, i.e.,~the tendency of people to have connections to people with similar interests, which we extend to media, hypothesizing that similar types of media would be read by similar kinds of users. In particular, we propose GREENER (GRaph nEural nEtwork for News mEdia pRofiling), a model that builds a graph of inter-media connections based on their audience overlap, and then uses graph neural networks to represent each medium. We find that such representations are quite useful for predicting the factuality and the bias of news media outlets, yielding improvements over state-of-the-art results reported on two datasets. When augmented with conventionally used representations obtained from news articles, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, and Wikipedia, prediction accuracy is found to improve by 2.5-27 macro-F1 points for the two tasks.

Fact verification has attracted a lot of research attention recently, e.g., in journalism, marketing, and policymaking, as misinformation and disinformation online can sway one's opinion and affect one's actions. While fact-checking is a hard task in general, in many cases, false statements can be easily debunked based on analytics over tables with reliable information. Hence, table-based fact verification has recently emerged as an important and growing research area. Yet, progress has been limited due to the lack of datasets that can be used to pre-train language models (LMs) to be aware of common table operations, such as aggregating a column or comparing tuples. To bridge this gap, in this paper we introduce PASTA, a novel state-of-the-art framework for table-based fact verification via pre-training with synthesized sentence-table cloze questions. In particular, we design six types of common sentence-table cloze tasks, including Filter, Aggregation, Superlative, Comparative, Ordinal, and Unique, based on which we synthesize a large corpus consisting of 1.2 million sentence-table pairs from WikiTables. PASTA uses a recent pre-trained LM, DeBERTaV3, and further pretrains it on our corpus. Our experimental results show that PASTA achieves new state-of-the-art performance on two table-based fact verification benchmarks: TabFact and SEM-TAB-FACTS. In particular, on the complex set of TabFact, which contains multiple operations, PASTA largely outperforms the previous state of the art by 4.7 points (85.6% vs. 80.9%), and the gap between PASTA and human performance on the small TabFact test set is narrowed to just 1.5 points (90.6% vs. 92.1%).

姿态检测的目标是确定以目标朝向目标的文本中表达的视点。这些观点或上下文通常以许多不同的语言表达，这取决于用户和平台，这可以是本地新闻插座，社交媒体平台，新闻论坛等。然而，姿态检测的大多数研究已经限于使用单一语言和几个有限的目标，在交叉舌姿态检测很少有效。此外，标记数据的非英语来源通常稀缺，并具有额外的挑战。最近，大型多语言语言模型在许多非英语任务上大大提高了性能，尤其是具有有限数量的示例。这突出了模型预培训的重要性及其从少数例子中学习的能力。在本文中，我们展示了对日期交叉姿态检测的最全面的研究：我们在6名语言系列中使用12种语言的12种不同的数据集进行实验，每个都有6个低资源评估设置。对于我们的实验，我们构建了模式开发培训，提出了添加一种新颖的标签编码器来简化言语程序。我们进一步提出了基于情绪的姿态数据进行预培训，这在与几个强的基线相比，在低拍摄环境中显示了大量的6％F1绝对的增长。

我们提出了一种具有有限目标语言数据的交叉语言内容标记的新颖框架，这在预测性能方面显着优于现有的工作。该框架基于最近的邻居架构。它是Vanilla K-最近邻模型的现代实例化，因为我们在所有组件中使用变压器表示。我们的框架可以适应新的源语言实例，而无需从头开始侦察。与基于邻域的方法的事先工作不同，我们基于查询邻的交互对邻居信息进行编码。我们提出了两个编码方案，并使用定性和定量分析显示其有效性。我们的评估结果是来自两个不同数据集的八种语言，用于滥用语言检测，在强大的基线上，可以在F1中显示最多9.5（对于意大利语）的大量改进。平均水平，我们在拼图式多语言数据集中的三种语言中实现了3.6的F1改进，2.14在WUL数据集的F1中的改进。

近年来，在网上见证了令人反感的内容的泛滥，例如假新闻，宣传，错误信息和虚假信息。虽然最初这主要是关于文本内容，但随着时间的流逝，图像和视频越来越受欢迎，因为它们更容易消费，吸引更多的关注并比文本更广泛地传播。结果，研究人员开始利用不同的方式及其组合来解决在线多模式进攻内容。在这项研究中，我们提供了有关最新的多模式虚假信息检测的调查，该检测涵盖了各种模式组合：文本，图像，语音，视频，社交媒体网络结构和时间信息。此外，尽管有些研究集中于事实，但其他研究调查了内容的有害性。尽管虚假信息定义中的这两个组成部分（i）事实和（ii）有害性同样重要，但通常会孤立地研究它们。因此，我们主张在同一框架中考虑多种方式以及事实和有害性来解决虚假信息检测。最后，我们讨论当前的挑战和未来的研究方向

了解文本中表达的态度，也称为姿态检测，在旨在在线检测虚假信息的系统中起重要作用，无论是错误信息（无意的假）或虚假信息（故意错误地蔓延，恶意意图）。姿态检测已经以不同的方式在文献中框架，包括（a）作为事实检查，谣言检测和检测先前的事实检查的权利要求，或（b）作为其自己的任务的组件;在这里，我们看看两者。虽然已经进行了与其他相关任务的突出姿态检测，但诸如论证挖掘和情绪分析之类的其他相关任务，但没有调查姿态检测和错误和缺陷检测之间的关系。在这里，我们的目标是弥合这个差距。特别是，我们在焦点中审查和分析了该领域的现有工作，焦点中的错误和不忠实，然后我们讨论了汲取的经验教训和未来的挑战。

基于变压器的NLP模型是使用数亿甚至数十亿个参数训练的，从而限制了其在计算受限环境中的适用性。尽管参数的数量通常与性能相关，但尚不清楚下游任务是否需要整个网络。在最新的修剪和提炼预培训模型的工作中，我们探索了在预训练模型中放下层的策略，并观察修剪对下游胶水任务的影响。我们能够修剪Bert，Roberta和XLNet型号高达40％，同时保持其原始性能的98％。此外，我们证明，在大小和性能方面，您的修剪模型与使用知识蒸馏的型号相提并论。我们的实验产生有趣的观察结果，例如（i）下层对于维持下游任务性能最重要，（ii）某些任务（例如释义检测和句子相似性）对于降低层的降低和（iii）经过训练的模型更强大。使用不同的目标函数表现出不同的学习模式，并且层掉落。